Levels of Hindsight Bias:
It was believed that there is only one kind of hindsight bias; however, researchers have identified three types of hindsight bias. These are memory distortion, inevitability, and foreseeability. Researchers, Roese and Vohs (2012), discovered that these aspects are organized.
In a hierarchical structure, memory distortion is at the base and foreseeability is at the top. (Refer to Figure 1)
Memory distortion- The memory distortion level focuses on an individual’s inability to recall a previously made judgment (e.g., “I said it was going to occurâ€).
Inevitability- As the name suggests, the inevitability level refers to an individual’s belief that the prior situation was inevitable (e.g., “It had to happenâ€).
Foreseeability – The foreseeability level is subjective in nature. It revolves around one’s beliefs about one’s capabilities and awareness (e.g., “I knew it will occurâ€). It implies thinking that one should have predicted a now-factual occurrence individually, thereby portraying the idea that “I knew it all along.”
Causes of Hindsight Bias:
Researchers, Roese and Vohs(2012), explain three main factors that cause hindsight bias- cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors (see below)
Cognitive: This factor comprises threes components, namely, recollection, knowledge updating, and sensemaking. In recollection, individuals try to remember their previous predictions that were made before the event occurred. Errors in recollection are most commonly seen in the memory distortion level. Knowledge updating refers to the assimilation of new information into the pre-existing memory. Taking the same example from the overview section, when Real Madrid wins the match, this victory will be immediately joined with the pre-existing information about the players game over the years, coach’s facilitation, etc. When the new insight makes a close logical match with former understanding, it leads to feelings of clarity, i.e., the context is now more readily understood, and therefore is more effectively “predicted” post the event occurs. Sensemaking involves the reasoning that makes sense with respect to the wider implications for the individual. Events that have precise reasons for its occurrence (post event) illicit higher hindsight bias than do events whose reasons are vague.
Metacognitive: When one can readily explain how or why an occurrence unfolded, it can appear the incident was easily predicted.
Motivational: The motivational factor comprises the need for closure and self-esteem. Individuals tend to see the world as a straightforward place and find it difficult to accept that certain things are out of their control. For example, people prefer choosing their own lottery tickets than letting another person do that for them, although the probability of winning is the same in both ways. It has been seen in various studies that individuals who have a high need for closure/control show higher hindsight bias. It has also been seen that many a times when people talk about their past, they boost their self-esteem by taking credit for their achievement and criticizing others for their downfall.
Consequences of Hindsight Bias:
Myopia- Thinking myopically refers to an individual’s inability to conduct a thorough exploration of the possible causal factors for a given event. These often become “cognitive misersâ€, as they get carried away by whatever explanation they come across first.
Overconfidence- Individuals can become overconfident and are more likely to take needless chances if they wrongly assume that they have extraordinary foresight or instincts. This makes individuals reluctant to go over their previous doings once again and consequently inhibits them to think about new techniques to solve a problem. A typical scenario of overconfidence resulting out of hindsight bias could be when gamblers have the hindsight bias that they can win the gambling when bid between the price range of $200- $300; however, statistics suggests $150-$250 leading to increased risks financially.
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You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!! 
Levels of Hindsight Bias:
It was believed that there is only one kind of hindsight bias; however, researchers have identified three types of hindsight bias. These are memory distortion, inevitability, and foreseeability. Researchers, Roese and Vohs (2012), discovered that these aspects are organized.
In a hierarchical structure, memory distortion is at the base and foreseeability is at the top. (Refer to Figure 1)
Memory distortion- The memory distortion level focuses on an individuals inability to recall a previously made judgment (e.g., I said it was going to occur).
Inevitability- As the name suggests, the inevitability level refers to an individuals belief that the prior situation was inevitable (e.g., It had to happen).
Foreseeability – The foreseeability level is subjective in nature. It revolves around ones beliefs about ones capabilities and awareness (e.g., I knew it will occur). It implies thinking that one should have predicted a , thereby portraying the idea that “I knew it all along.”
Causes of Hindsight Bias:
Researchers, Roese and Vohs(2012), explain three main factors that cause hindsight bias- cognitive, metacognitive, and motivational factors (see below)
Cognitive: This factor comprises threes components, namely, recollection, knowledge updating, and sensemaking. In recollection, individuals try to remember their previous predictions that were made before the event occurred. Errors in recollection are most commonly seen in the memory distortion level. Knowledge updating refers to the assimilation of new information into the pre-existing memory. Taking the same example from the overview section, when Real Madrid wins the match, this victory will be immediately joined with the pre-existing information about the players game over the years, coachs facilitation, etc. When the new insight makes a with former understanding, it leads to feelings of clarity, i.e., the context is now more readily understood, and therefore is more effectively “predicted” post the event occurs. Sensemaking involves the reasoning that makes sense with respect to the wider implications for the individual. Events that have precise reasons for its occurrence (post event) illicit higher hindsight bias than do events whose reasons are vague.
Metacognitive: When one can readily explain how or why an occurrence unfolded, it can appear the incident was easily predicted.
Motivational: The the need for closure and self-esteem. Individuals tend to see the world as a straightforward place and find it difficult to accept that certain things are out of their control. For example, people prefer choosing their own lottery tickets than letting another person do that for them, although the probability of winning is the same in both ways. It has been seen in various studies that individuals who have a high need for closure/control show higher hindsight bias. It has also been seen that many a times when people talk about their past, they boost their self-esteem by taking credit for their achievement and criticizing others for their downfall.
Consequences of Hindsight Bias:
Myopia- Thinking myopically refers to an individuals inability to conduct a thorough exploration of the possible causal factors for a given event. These often become cognitive misers, as they get carried away by whatever explanation they come across first.
Overconfidence- Individuals can become overconfident and are more likely to take needless chances if they wrongly assume that they have extraordinary foresight or instincts. This makes individuals reluctant to go over their previous doings once again and consequently inhibits them to think about new techniques to solve a problem. A typical scenario of overconfidence resulting out of hindsight bias could be when gamblers have the hindsight bias that they can win the gambling when bid between the price range of $200- $300; however, statistics suggests $150-$250 leading to .
Are you busy and do not have time to handle your assignment? Are you scared that your paper will not make the grade? Do you have responsibilities that may hinder you from turning in your assignment on time? Are you tired and can barely handle your assignment? Are your grades inconsistent?
Whichever your reason is, it is valid! You can get professional academic help from our service at affordable rates. We have a team of professional academic writers who can handle all your assignments.
Students barely have time to read. We got you! Have your literature essay or book review written without having the hassle of reading the book. You can get your literature paper custom-written for you by our literature specialists.
Do you struggle with finance? No need to torture yourself if finance is not your cup of tea. You can order your finance paper from our academic writing service and get 100% original work from competent finance experts.
Computer science is a tough subject. Fortunately, our computer science experts are up to the match. No need to stress and have sleepless nights. Our academic writers will tackle all your computer science assignments and deliver them on time. Let us handle all your python, java, ruby, JavaScript, php , C+ assignments!
While psychology may be an interesting subject, you may lack sufficient time to handle your assignments. Don’t despair; by using our academic writing service, you can be assured of perfect grades. Moreover, your grades will be consistent.
Engineering is quite a demanding subject. Students face a lot of pressure and barely have enough time to do what they love to do. Our academic writing service got you covered! Our engineering specialists follow the paper instructions and ensure timely delivery of the paper.
In the nursing course, you may have difficulties with literature reviews, annotated bibliographies, critical essays, and other assignments. Our nursing assignment writers will offer you professional nursing paper help at low prices.
Truth be told, sociology papers can be quite exhausting. Our academic writing service relieves you of fatigue, pressure, and stress. You can relax and have peace of mind as our academic writers handle your sociology assignment.
We take pride in having some of the best business writers in the industry. Our business writers have a lot of experience in the field. They are reliable, and you can be assured of a high-grade paper. They are able to handle business papers of any subject, length, deadline, and difficulty!
We boast of having some of the most experienced statistics experts in the industry. Our statistics experts have diverse skills, expertise, and knowledge to handle any kind of assignment. They have access to all kinds of software to get your assignment done.
Writing a law essay may prove to be an insurmountable obstacle, especially when you need to know the peculiarities of the legislative framework. Take advantage of our top-notch law specialists and get superb grades and 100% satisfaction.
We have highlighted some of the most popular subjects we handle above. Those are just a tip of the iceberg. We deal in all academic disciplines since our writers are as diverse. They have been drawn from across all disciplines, and orders are assigned to those writers believed to be the best in the field. In a nutshell, there is no task we cannot handle; all you need to do is place your order with us. As long as your instructions are clear, just trust we shall deliver irrespective of the discipline.
Our essay writers are graduates with bachelor's, masters, Ph.D., and doctorate degrees in various subjects. The minimum requirement to be an essay writer with our essay writing service is to have a college degree. All our academic writers have a minimum of two years of academic writing. We have a stringent recruitment process to ensure that we get only the most competent essay writers in the industry. We also ensure that the writers are handsomely compensated for their value. The majority of our writers are native English speakers. As such, the fluency of language and grammar is impeccable.
There is a very low likelihood that you won’t like the paper.
Not at all. All papers are written from scratch. There is no way your tutor or instructor will realize that you did not write the paper yourself. In fact, we recommend using our assignment help services for consistent results.
We check all papers for plagiarism before we submit them. We use powerful plagiarism checking software such as SafeAssign, LopesWrite, and Turnitin. We also upload the plagiarism report so that you can review it. We understand that plagiarism is academic suicide. We would not take the risk of submitting plagiarized work and jeopardize your academic journey. Furthermore, we do not sell or use prewritten papers, and each paper is written from scratch.
You determine when you get the paper by setting the deadline when placing the order. All papers are delivered within the deadline. We are well aware that we operate in a time-sensitive industry. As such, we have laid out strategies to ensure that the client receives the paper on time and they never miss the deadline. We understand that papers that are submitted late have some points deducted. We do not want you to miss any points due to late submission. We work on beating deadlines by huge margins in order to ensure that you have ample time to review the paper before you submit it.
We have a privacy and confidentiality policy that guides our work. We NEVER share any customer information with third parties. Noone will ever know that you used our assignment help services. It’s only between you and us. We are bound by our policies to protect the customer’s identity and information. All your information, such as your names, phone number, email, order information, and so on, are protected. We have robust security systems that ensure that your data is protected. Hacking our systems is close to impossible, and it has never happened.
You fill all the paper instructions in the order form. Make sure you include all the helpful materials so that our academic writers can deliver the perfect paper. It will also help to eliminate unnecessary revisions.
Proceed to pay for the paper so that it can be assigned to one of our expert academic writers. The paper subject is matched with the writer’s area of specialization.
You communicate with the writer and know about the progress of the paper. The client can ask the writer for drafts of the paper. The client can upload extra material and include additional instructions from the lecturer. Receive a paper.
The paper is sent to your email and uploaded to your personal account. You also get a plagiarism report attached to your paper.
GET A PERFECT SCORE!!!
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